Makindo Medical Notes

Related Subjects: |Congenital Acyanotic Heart Disease |Congenital Cyanotic Heart Disease |Cardiac Embryology |Cyanosis - Central and Peripheral |Down's syndrome (Trisomy 21) |Tetralogy of Fallot |Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)

Introduction

• A PFO is an embryological connection between the LA/RA that remains open in adult life.
• This hole exists in everyone before birth, but usually closes shortly after being born.
• The embryological persistence of a one-way flap valve (PFO) allows right to left blood flow

Aetiology

• A PFO is not pathological. 25% of the population have one.
• A R to L shunt could allow clots to pass from a DVT to the systemic circulation.
• Pathologically clot has been found in PFOs in post-mortem patients.
• Pulmonary circulation provides a large filter for any thrombi returning from the systemic circulation.
• A small microthrombus to the lungs is probably insignificant but if the pulmonary circulation can be bypassed and shunted then there is a risk of thrombi entering the systemic arterial circulation and this can cause a stroke.
• Systemic venous thrombosis crosses PFO when right atrial pressure exceeds that of the left.

DVT/PFO/Stroke Hypothesis

• There is an increased finding of PFO in those with otherwise unexplained stroke.
• This has led some to speculate that in these cases that the PFO is pathological and needs closure.
• Association does not equal causation and the PFO could be a marker of some other structural abnormality or risk of PAF.
• Make reasonable attempts to exclude all other stroke causes e.g. PAF before offering closure.

Arguments for closure

• A history does not suggest another cause e.g. migraine
• There are multiple territory events if more than one
• The younger the patient the greater the possible significance of the PFO and vice-versa
• A full workup shows no alternative cause.
• Prolonged possibly repeated 7 days or more tape shows no PAF.
• There is no other indication to anticoagulate - I would not do both PFO closure and anticoagulation
• More than one event which imaging suggests is embolic in different arterial territories with no local stenosis to blame
• No known temporary precipitant e.g. provoked DVT with suspected paradoxical embolism.
• A large PFO or Aneurysmal PFO
• Clear evidence of significant shunting on bubble study

Arguments against Closure

• A thrombophilia that can be reversed e.g. OCP/HRT increasing DVT risk
• A thrombophilia that needs anticoagulated to prevent DVT/PE.
• AF that needs anticoagulated
• Age over 55 - patient has lived with PFO all life so why clot now ?
• A small PFO or non-Aneurysmal PFO

Clinical

• Valsalva at onset
• Multiterritory TIA symptoms
• Multiterritory Stroke symptoms
• Exclude stroke mimics

Factors that make a PFO more likely to have been the source

• Atrial septal aneurysm/Eustachian valves
• Large PFO and/or Large shunt > 50 bubbles
• Exclude stroke mimics
• Valsalva at onset
• Younger age
• Multiple territory events
• High risk DVT
• PE at time of episode
• Procoagulant state

Summary of PFO Trials

Comments on data seem to show that the risks of subsequent stroke in this population is actually very small and seems to be less than 1% per annum. It would not take many closure device AF related strokes to cancel out the benefits which are relatively significant but absolutely not massive.

Management

It is clear that patient selection is key. Do not assume that the only cause of a cryptogenic stroke is a found PFO. Make sure first that the pattern of stroke symptoms and findings does support a cardioembolic aetiology. The various PFO closure trials have shown mixed results. Some showed that PFO closure made no difference and others that stroke events were significantly reduced by closing a PFO. variable numbers of patients still had strokes after PFO closure but in several newer trials it was less than the small number who had strokes in the non-closure groups. PFO closure reduces risk but does not eliminate it. However, the ones who had further stroke either had another cause, had a PFO closure or they simply had undiagnosed PAF or some other cause. I have to say it is difficult to know what one would want for oneself and I suspect that as human nature likes doing things then most of us now would opt for closure once all other issues had been resolved. Doctors find it easier to justify action than inaction. The reality is the long-term consequences of these devices is unknown and the aim of the device is to make a small absolute risk smaller. Whether the benefits continue later in life is unknown. There is no real long-term data. We just don't know, and we have to ensure that we discuss the uncertainties with the patient and lower expectation that this procedure possibly may or may not prevent further strokes. The risk of further stroke does seem to be small. Eliminating one possible cause of stroke also does not prevent the many others. The risks of the procedure need to be borne in mind. One should never operate on the heart without a clear understanding of future benefits.

Discussions with patients about PFO closure

I find this very challenging as one has to try and educate the patient about the uncertainty. I think everyone agrees that not all PFOs need closing but which specific ones to close and which to leave alone is difficult. The following points should be made to anyone who is being considered for PFO closure for cryptogenic stroke. There should hardly ever be the assumption that the presence of a PFO shows causation that is 100% strong. Remember there are other mechanism going on which can cause cryptogenic stroke such as PAF. Closing a PFO is unlikely to help PAF. A PFO may be a surrogate marker for PAF or something else we don't fully understand and so closing the hole for many may be irrelevant. The discussion with the patient by stroke physician or cardiologist should cover these points. There should a clear discussion between both as to the merits and an agreed line with the acknowledgement of much uncertainty. Remember there are two parallel prongs to preventing PFO related stroke and these are A) Preventing venous thrombosis i.e. DVT and B) Occluding the Hole.

References

• CLOSE to the Heart: Patent Foramen Ovale Closure in Cryptogenic Stroke