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Rate limiting steps in metabolism
📊 Metabolic Pathways & Rate-Limiting Enzymes
| 🧬 Process | ⚙️ Rate-Limiting Enzyme | 🔄 Regulators |
|---|---|---|
| Glycolysis | Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1) | AMP ⊕, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate ⊕
ATP ⊝, Citrate ⊝ |
| Gluconeogenesis | Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase | AMP ⊝, Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate ⊝ |
| TCA Cycle | Isocitrate Dehydrogenase | ADP ⊕
ATP ⊝, NADH ⊝ |
| Glycogenesis | Glycogen Synthase | Glucose-6-P ⊕, Insulin ⊕, Cortisol ⊕
Epinephrine ⊝, Glucagon ⊝ |
| Glycogenolysis | Glycogen Phosphorylase | Epinephrine ⊕, Glucagon ⊕, AMP ⊕
Glucose-6-P ⊝, Insulin ⊝, ATP ⊝ |
| HMP Shunt | Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) | NADP+ ⊕
NADPH ⊝ |
| De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase II | ATP ⊕, PRPP ⊕
UTP ⊝ |
| De Novo Purine Synthesis | PRPP Amidotransferase | AMP ⊝, IMP ⊝, GMP ⊝ |
| Urea Cycle | Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase I | N-Acetylglutamate ⊕ |
| Fatty Acid Synthesis | Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase (ACC) | Insulin ⊕, Citrate ⊕
Glucagon ⊝, Palmitoyl-CoA ⊝ |
| Fatty Acid Oxidation | Carnitine Acyltransferase I | Malonyl-CoA ⊝ |
| Ketogenesis | HMG-CoA Synthase | - |
| Cholesterol Synthesis | HMG-CoA Reductase | Insulin ⊕, Thyroxine ⊕, Estrogen ⊕
Glucagon ⊝, Cholesterol ⊝ |
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