Makindo Medical Notes

Allergic disorders are a group of conditions caused by an overreaction of the immune system to substances that are typically harmless to most people. These substances, known as allergens, can trigger immune responses ranging from mild to severe.

Common Types of Allergic Disorders:

Diagnostic Approach:

• Skin Prick Tests: Commonly used to test for allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergies, and other immediate-type allergies. Small amounts of potential allergens are placed on the skin, and a reaction indicates sensitivity.
• Blood Tests (IgE Testing): Measures the level of IgE antibodies to specific allergens in the blood.
• Elimination Diets: For food allergies, removing suspected allergens from the diet and then gradually reintroducing them under medical supervision can help pinpoint the allergen.
• Challenge Tests: Involves introducing small amounts of an allergen under controlled medical conditions to observe for reactions, especially in food or drug allergies.

Treatment and Management:

• Avoidance of Allergens: This is the most effective strategy for managing allergic disorders. Identifying and avoiding allergens that trigger reactions is crucial.
• Medications:
  • Antihistamines: These medications block histamine, which causes many of the symptoms of allergic reactions.
  • Corticosteroids: Nasal sprays, creams, or inhalers that reduce inflammation in allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis.
  • Leukotriene Inhibitors: Used in asthma and allergic rhinitis to block chemicals that contribute to inflammation and allergy symptoms.
• Immunotherapy (Allergy Shots): This long-term treatment gradually desensitizes the immune system to allergens, reducing the severity of allergic reactions over time.
• Epinephrine: For severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis), immediate administration of epinephrine can be life-saving.

Red Flags:

• Anaphylaxis: Any signs of anaphylaxis, such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the lips or throat, or a sudden drop in blood pressure, require immediate medical intervention.
• Severe Asthma Exacerbation: Wheezing that doesn’t respond to rescue inhalers, rapid breathing, or blue-tinged lips warrant emergency care.
• Progressively Worsening Symptoms: Sudden worsening of allergy symptoms or the development of new severe symptoms should prompt further evaluation by a healthcare provider.